Learning Objective 6#

Examine one evolutionary explanation of behaviour.

Evolution is the changing composition of the population that happens naturally (or by humans) continuously.  The change may occurs only some part which as a result, due to the reaction of the organism to adapt to the environment. When the process occurred there is no return to be the same anymore but keep evolving.

Evolution Theory 

A concept that has been influenced by the theory of biological evolution by, Charles Darwin , which says that social change is a process that changes in stages, respectively from one stage to the next step. In the state that more developing that previous stage. Change from a society that is simple to be more complex forms. And the progress continues until it develops to be a perfect society.

Natural Selection

Natural selection is the basic mechanism of evolution with other mechanisms. Natural Selection make the population that fits for the environment to live and breed population in the next generation. But for people who do not fit the environment, it will be discarded and reduced which make the livings that were selected evolve by adapting themselves physically behavior and subsistence  to be able to live with the environment that they're living in. 

Adaptation refers to the appearance and / or behavior, which is controlled by the genes that make it more likely to inherit genes to the next generation (or fitness) .Adaptation may occur to the structure. Processes of structure and / or behavior of the organism the effect of the adjustment made to increase the number of population and live in a natural environment.

Fessler 2006 

Procedure

• Tested whether there were patterns in disgust responses by an online survey 
• Participants will be asked to rank the digest level of 20 images 

Result 

• The disgust reaction was strongest for images which threatened the immune system. 
• Disgust also decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men. 

Learning Objective 5#

Explain one study related to localization of function in the brain

The brain is is part of the body and it's responsible for thinking recognition and feeling .Brain contains around 10 to 12 billion cells and each has fiber called Axon and Dendrite for providing Electrochemical run through each other . To think and remember things its all caused by the connection of electricity in the brain.

Parts of the human brain Can be divided into 3 parts.

1: Forebrain
The largest part of the brain ,there are a number of notches .And can be divided as follows:

    1.1: Olfactory bulb
In the front part of the brain use to smell(fish, frogs and lizards have this a big part Olfactory bulb)

    1.2: Cerebrum
Largest size and has a lot of notches .Controls on learning ability ,the main control center of muscles ,speech ,sight ,smell ,taste .
     1.3:Thalamus
Acts as the center of neurotransmitters that pass through then separate neurotransmitters to the brain that is related to them.
     1.4: Hypothalamus
Is at the bottom of the brain that connects with Pituitary Gland .Neurons of this part of brain produces nerves hormones which controls the hormones production from Pituitary Gland.

2: Midbrain
Is the part of the brain that connected with Forebrain ,works as a station transportation for neuron between Forebrain and Hidebrain also Forebrain and the eyes controls the movement of the eyeball and iris.

3: Hidebrain

     3.1: Pons
At the front of the Cerebellum. Adjacent to the midbrain to control some functions of the body such as chewing food. Salivation the movement of facial muscles, breathing, listening.
     3.2:Medulla
Is the final part of the brain to the spinal cord. It is the passage of nerve impulses between the brain and the spinal cord. Also is a central control over the mind, such as coughing, sneezing, breathing, heartbeat, etc. hiccup.
     3.3: Cerebellum
The area of the brain that functions in the processing of recognition and control of command. Also is the of the muscle that controls movement and balance. Allows precise movements such as walking, jogging, cycling.


Study 1: Phineas Gage (1848)

Phineas P. Gage was an American railroad construction foreman In the town of Cavendish Vermont state in September 13, 1848 He was doing and explosive things to build a railway .In the process to drop the explosion is to drill down to the rocks that emerge from the ground ,put in the explosion and fill with the sands and then they used a steel rod to press those components inside. On the day Gage forgot to fill the sand ,the steel rod ignited with the rock and got exploded .The steel rod was fired from the ground "Penetrated the left side of his cheek ... Through the back of the left eye and went out through the top of his head".

Everybody was sure that he was going to die but he surprised everyone including Doctor by sitting up and talk normally and getting better .But there was something strange about him which is his personality was totally changed to another person ,he was once a honest trust able and diligent person but after the accident everything like that was gone .He became irresponsible boorish and use abusive words .Eventually he got fired from his job and ended up joining the circus show with Barnum and Bailey.

After he died, and he contributed the skull for medical research. At that time, his case has been studied a lot and it has changed the way scientists view the brain. In this case, it is believed to be the first proof that each part of the brain responsible in different tasks. During the early 1990's the biologists from University of Iowa used the graphic from computer and  visualization techniques to study the way that steel rod penetrates Gage's skull . Both of them confirmed that the rod had destroyed the middle of the bottom part of Frontal lobe which controls about human's emotions but did not damage the part that controls speech and movements. 

Learning Objective 4#

Using one or more examples, explain functions of two hormones in human behaviour

Hormone
 is a chemical that transmits information generated. From a group of cells in the endocrine glands and sent to the blood to different parts of the body to stimulate or inhibit the process in cells or organs controls the process. In the body, such as help in the growth help humans can reproduce the offspring and it also affects human behaviors.

Endocrine System 
 Endocrine system A system that produces a substance called hormone glands that no pipe or orifice. So it's conveying those substances in the bloodstream to organs. In order to control the operation of various hormones will work in cooperation with the nervous system. We called the endocrine system and the nervous system Coordinate system. Hormones that are produced  by endocrine must fit with the body and have much enough effect to cause the behaviour in organism to happen  If the hormones are too much or too little can cause various diseases, such as diabetes, goiter or more diseases associated with the growth of the body and so on.


                 1. The pituitary gland is a small sphere that is divided into two parts: the pituitary gland, the pituitary front (anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis) and pituitary rear (posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis)  is the controller of the body There are several key functions such as hormone controls the growth of the body and bones. And a hormone that causes blood pressure to rise. And the compression of the uterus in females when giving birth. It also controls the function of the endocrine glands such as thyroid gland, adrenal glands, as well as control the reproduction

                  2. The adrenal gland have a function like substance secreted from nerve ends automatically. It stimulates the body to prepare. General vascular contraction and blood pressure rise. The outer hormones regulate metabolism (cortisol) and hormonal control absorption remaining kidney. (aldosterone)

                  3. Thyroid gland is a gland that are connected to each other and located next to the larynx and trachea. This gland is larger with age, sex, and nutritional status. Acting hormone called thyroxin, which is vital to the growth of the body..

                  4. Parathyroid gland are small glands that have 2 pairs adjacent to thyroid gland .Parathyroid hormone acts as a hormone that regulates the amount of calcium in the blood and maintain the pH in the body at the proper level.

                  5. islets of langerhans is a gland that produces hormones and insulin. Its function is to control the amount of sugar in the body. Without this hormone, causes diabetes. I can not change glucose into glycogen stored in the muscles or in the liver.

                  6. Ovary in females and Testis in males . The ovaries produce egg and hormone which is estrogen hormone and progesterone hormone that controls the appearance of the female , voice, high pitched voice ,bigger hips, such as the expansion of the breast. And the Testis produces sperm and male hormones which is Testosterone to control the appearance of the male such as lower voice ,having hair on genital area armpit or legs.


                  7. Thymus gland is a gland that is shaped like a pyramid with a flat side 2 cloves size and shape varies with age. Large in newborns and will gradually smaller when initiated into adulthood. Controls the functioning of the immune system of the body.

When we approach a young age then. It's time for the body to produce testosterone Testosterone out that this is the most important of the male sex hormone. It will stimulate the expression of male out. Lower voice ,growing hair on the body and produce sperm have a big muscles and bones and strong. Love the competition or something challenging and sometime this hormones can make men feel stressed anxious, depressed than usual as well, making the body more attractive opposite sex and have a sexual desire. 

Estrogen is a hormone the body produces when it is in the maturity. The eggs in the ovaries of women to stimulate the body to produce the hormone estrogen ,have glowing skin ,good shape  It is also  makes vitamin D combined with calcium to build bones. Researchers from the University of Texas have provided that information. Hormones in the body, resulting in various reactions and gestures during menstruation. Most women like to dress sexy and has a dramatic emotion especially comparing themselves with other women. And it can cause the stress ,moods swinging ,aggressive because of the level of hormone changing in the body mostly happen to teenagers. 

Conclusion 

• Both hormones showed that some of our behaviors we're facing right now maybe because of hormones. 

Learning Objective 3#

Effects of neurotransmission on human behaviour.

What is Neuron ? 

Nerve cell, or Neuron is a unit of the structure and function of the nervous system one of the main reason why we're the way we are. 

Neurotransmission or the progress of neuron sending message across a synapse 

1. Synthesis,  using enzyme in neurons 

2. Storage ,the message that was made will be stored in a vesicle that protect the enzyme in Cytoplasm getting destroyed.

3. Release, neurotransmitters are released from the vesicle by calcium ions from outside the cell. . 

 4. Action, neurotransmitter that is released moves through the gap to bind to receptors on the cell membrane after synchronization.

5. Termination of action, uptake or store back. Degradation by enzymes and diffusion.

Neurotransmitter Serotonin 

     Acts on the expression of emotion and control the sleep cycle. Serotonin works only in brain reward system when having satisfaction feeling .Found that people with depression have levels of serotonin in the brain area is less than normal. Carbohydrate starch and sugar crops such as rice, pasta, vegetables, cereals and bread to enhance the absorption of the Tryptophan, which is converted into serotonin in the brain. It was found that within 30 minutes after eating such foods will make you feel relaxed and calm for several hours. 

 

     Serotonin is very important it controls both body and mind, body temperature, blood pressure, sleep ,hormone secretion. If the body contains Serotonin adequately. It gives a good mood feeling peaceful, creative, emotional stability to cope with stress. If you are under stress Serotonin will be reduced. And the result is reversed, we feel lack of concentration, irritability, insomnia, if we have pain somewhere ,somehow it will get worse. Some people even have a depression. Or the bipolar that moods change really fast .

Conclusion

• Neurotransmission is when the progress of sending messages between neuron and neuron and its effective.
• There are quite many types of neurotransmission such as Serotonin GABA Melatonin or Oxytocin which affect human behavior ,moods 

Learning Objective 2#

Learning Objective 1#

Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis.

• Principle 1 : The first principle claims that all behaviors have a biological correlate or component. The reasons why our behavior is the way it is today related to the connection of neurotransmitters hormones and genes .Teenagers brain will produce a lot of hormones including stress hormone which stress can make a person’s behavior completely changed.
• Principle 2 : Animal research can provide insight into human behavior. Because human and some animals share the similar biological or even thinking processes with those animals such as rats or even monkeys.
• Principle 3 : Human behavior is, to some extent, genetically based.

This means most behaviors are shaped by genetic inheritance, in the form of a genetic predisposition for an illness or a behavior.